Fig. 3: The living tree carbon potential estimated from the ground-sourced (GS1 and GS2) and satellite-derived (SD1 and SD2) models.

a, Total estimated living tree biomass potential of the GS1, GS2, SD1 and SD2 models. Error bars represent the lower and upper boundaries based on the 5% and 95% quantiles from a bootstrapping procedure. Colours represent the different input datasets, that is, upper or lower canopy cover boundaries (GS models) and ESA-CCI, Walker et al.² or harmonized (SD models). Light colours above white lines indicate the difference between current and potential tree carbon stocks. b, Meta-analysis showing literature estimates of living tree carbon potential based on ensemble models^4,53,54, inventory data^{19,55,56,57,58,59,60,61} and mechanistic^{62,63,64,65,66,67} or data-driven² models. The horizontal dashed line represents the average existing living tree carbon of 443 Gt C estimated in these publications. c, Differences between current and potential tree carbon stocks. d, Literature estimates for the difference between current and potential tree carbon stocks from ref. ⁴ (ensemble models), refs. ^1,53,58,61 (inventory data), refs. ^63,64 (mechanistic models) and ref. ² (data-driven models).