Extended Data Fig. 4: PRLH neurons track the moment-to-moment dynamics of ingestion.

a, Left, PSTH of PRLH neuron activity aligned to the first lick of all lick bouts from overnight fasted mice (“fasted”) or ad libitum fed mice (“fed”) during a 30 min Ensure consumption test. Right, mean z-scores (0–10 s after first lick in bout) from fasted and fed mice. b, Left, PSTH of PRLH neuron activity aligned to the first lick of all lick bouts in the first 15 min of the trial (“early”) or the last 15 min of the trial (“late”) during a 30 min Ensure consumption test. Right, mean z-scores (0–10 s after first lick in bout) from early and late time intervals. c, Left, mean z-score per lick from Ensure consumption during early (first 15 min) vs. late (last 15 min) periods of a 30 min trial. Right, mean z-score per lick during Ensure consumption from overnight fasted (“fasted”) or ad libitum fed animals. d, Left, mean z-score per lick from Intralipid consumption during early (first 15 min) vs. late (last 15 min) periods of a 30 min trial. Right, mean z-score per lick from glucose consumption during early (first 15 min) vs. late (last 15 min) periods of a 30 min trial. e, Left, mean z-score per lick from saline consumption during early (first 15 min) vs. late (last 15 min) periods of a 30 min trial. Middle, mean z-score per lick from dry licking during early (first 15 min) vs. late (last 15 min) periods of a 30 min trial. Right, mean z-score per lick from water consumption during early (first 15 min) vs. late (last 15 min) periods of a 30 min trial. f, Left, PSTH of PRLH neuron responses during feeding tube insertion into the esophagus (0–30 s). Right, mean z-scores (0–30 s) during feeding tube insertion. g, Top, mean z-score for each bout of Ensure consumption (0–10 s) from the first bout (left) to the last bout (right), with the percentage of the max bout size (licks) shown below. Bottom, mean z-score for each bout of saline consumption (0–10 s) from the first bout to the last bout. h, Top, mean z-score for each bout of Intralipid consumption (0–10 s) from the first bout to the last bout. Bottom, mean z-score for each bout of dry licking (0–10 s) from the first bout to the last bout. i, Top, mean z-score for each bout of glucose consumption (0–10 s) from the first bout to the last bout. Bottom, mean z-score for each bout of water consumption (0–10 s) from the first bout to the last bout. j, Left, scatterplot showing the relationship between bout size (# of licks in the first 10 s of each bout) and mean z-score (0–10 s of each bout) for all bouts during Intralipid, glucose, or saline consumption. Each dot represents a single lick bout. Right, scatterplot showing the relationship between bout size and mean z-score for all bouts during Intralipid or glucose consumption, or dry licking at an empty bottle. k, The mean squared error (MSE) is plotted for each model after performing cross-validation. To perform cross-validation, 80% of the data was used to train the GLM coefficients and calculate the MSE from the remaining 20% of the data. This was performed for 100 iterations to obtain an average MSE value for each animal. NS, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. Data are mean ± sem. Statistics are shown in Supplementary Table 1.