Extended Data Fig. 7: PRLH neurons pace food ingestion by modulating valence associated with food tastes.

This figure extends the data from Fig. 4 by showing, for each experiment, the response of genetic controls (”controls” – mice that lack opsin or Cre expression) to the given laser stimulation protocol. The data from opsin-expressing mice (”ChR2” or “GtACR”) are also reproduced here to enable direct comparison with controls. a, Fiber placement and ChR2-GFP expression in PRLH neurons of the cNTS. b, Left, mean Ensure consumption (mL) after closed-loop stimulation (60 min; dark phase) of PRLH neurons (when animals are licking) or sham trials. Middle, mean bout size (licks) after closed-loop stimulation. Right, mean bout number after closed-loop stimulation. Example raster plots from three animals showing individual licks of Ensure. c, Left, mean Ensure consumption (mL) during closed-loop stimulation (60 min; dark phase feeding) of PRLH neurons (when animals are not licking) or no laser trials. Middle, mean bout size (licks) during closed-loop stimulation. Right, mean bout number during closed-loop stimulation. d, Mean number of laser pulses received by individual animals receiving closed-loop stimulation during licking or when not actively licking. e, Fiber placement and GtACR1-FusionRed expression in PRLH neurons of the cNTS. f, Left, mean Ensure consumption (mL) during closed-loop silencing (60 min; dark phase feeding) of PRLH neurons or no laser trials. Middle, mean bout size (licks) during closed-loop silencing. Right, mean bout number during closed-loop silencing for Ensure consumption. g, Left, mean bout duration (s) during closed-loop silencing. Left, distribution of bout durations (bins are 5 s) for trials in which PRLH neurons received closed-loop silencing (top) or no laser trials (bottom). h, Left, mean Intralipid consumption (mL) during closed-loop silencing (60 min; dark phase feeding) of PRLH neurons or no laser trials. Middle, mean bout size (licks) during closed-loop silencing. Right, mean bout number during closed-loop silencing. i, Probability mass function (PMF) for interlick interval (ILI) between 0-1 s during closed-loop silencing of PRLH neurons or no laser trials (Ensure consumption). j, Left, mean values for mu1 constant (left peak on PMF). Right, mean values for mu2 constant (right peak on PMF). k, Probability mass function (PMF) for interlick interval (ILI) between 0-1 s during closed-loop silencing of PRLH neurons or no laser trials (Intralipid consumption). l, Left, mean values for mu1 constant (left peak on PMF). Right, mean values for mu2 constant (right peak on PMF). m, Preference ratio for bottle 1 (licks from bottle 1/licks from bottle 1 + licks from bottle 2) from day 1–3 of closed-loop stimulation paradigm (when animals are licking). n, Total Ensure consumption (licks from bottle 1 + licks from bottle 2) from day 1–3 of closed-loop stimulation paradigm. o, Left, mean number of licks for bottle 1 and bottle 2 from day 1–3 of closed-loop stimulation paradigm (Ensure consumption). Middle, mean bout size (licks) for bottle 1 and 2 from day 1–3. Right, mean bout number for bottle 1 and 2 from day 1–3. p, Preference ratio for bottle 1 from day 1–3 of closed-loop silencing paradigm. q, Total Ensure consumption from day 1–3 of closed-loop silencing paradigm. r, Left, mean number of licks for bottle 1 and 2 from day 1–3 of closed-loop silencing paradigm (Ensure consumption). Middle, mean bout size (licks) for bottle 1 and 2 from day 1–3. Right, mean bout number for bottle 1 and 2 from day 1–3. s, Left, mean number of licks for bottle 1 and 2 from closed-loop silencing paradigm (sucralose consumption). Middle, mean bout size (licks) for bottle 1 and 2. Right, mean bout number for bottle 1 and 2. t, Left, mean number of licks for bottle 1 and 2 from closed-loop silencing paradigm (water consumption). Middle, mean bout size (licks) for bottle 1 and 2. Right, mean bout number for bottle 1 and 2. NS, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. Data are mean ± sem. Statistics are shown in Supplementary Table 2.