Extended Data Fig. 10: GCG neuron activation promotes long-lasting satiety.

This figure extends the data from Fig. 6 by showing, for each experiment, the response of genetic controls (“controls” - mice that lack opsin or iCre expression) to the given laser stimulation protocol. The data from opsin-expressing mice (“ChR2”) are also reproduced here to enable direct comparison with controls. a, Fiber placement and ChR2-GFP expression in GCG neurons of the cNTS. b, Mean chow consumption (g) after open-loop stimulation (30 min; food-deprived mice) of GCG neurons or no laser trials for ChR2-expressing mice or control mice. c, Left, mean Ensure consumption (mL) after open-loop stimulation (60 min; dark phase) of GCG neurons or no laser trials. Middle, mean bout size (licks) after open-loop stimulation. Right, mean bout number after open-loop stimulation. d, Mean water consumption (mL) after open-loop stimulation (30 min; water-deprived) of GCG neurons or no laser trials. e, Left, mean Ensure consumption (mL) after closed-loop stimulation (60 min; dark phase) of GCG neurons (when animals are licking) or sham trials. Middle, mean bout size (licks) after closed-loop stimulation. Right, mean bout number after closed-loop stimulation. f, Left, mean Ensure consumption (mL) after pre-stimulation (60 min) of GCG neurons or no laser trials. Middle, mean bout size (licks) after pre-stimulation. Right, mean bout number after pre-stimulation. g, Mean chow consumption (g) after pre-stimulation of GCG neurons for 15 min (left), 30 min (middle), or 60 min (right). h, Mean chow consumption (g) after pre-stimulation of PRLH neurons for 60 min. i, Left, mean Ensure consumption (mL) after pre-stimulation (60 min) of PRLH neurons or no laser trials. Middle, mean bout size (licks) after pre-stimulation. Right, mean bout number after pre-stimulation. NS, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. Data are mean ± sem. Statistics are shown in Supplementary Table 2.