Table 1 Combinations of demonstrators and observers, with outcomes

From: Bumblebees socially learn behaviour too complex to innovate alone

Demonstrator ID

Demonstrator technique

Demonstrator opening incidence

Demonstrator opening index

Observer ID

Outcome

Test passed

Solo foraging phase box-opening incidence

Of which were squeezing

B-8

Squeezing

132

4.4

A-12

✔

1

N/A#

N/A#

B-8

Squeezing

137

3.4

A-17

✔

3

N/A#

N/A#

A-17*

Squeezing

215

7.2

A-24

✔

1

9

9

A-17*

Squeezing

187

6.2

A-6

✔

1

13

9

A-24*

Squeezing

200

5.0

A-37

✘

N/A

N/A

N/A

A-24*

Squeezing

222

5.6

A-39

✘

N/A

N/A

N/A

A-24*

Squeezing

181

4.5

C-42

✔

3

1

1

C-15

Staggered-pushing

158

3.9

C-26

✘

N/A

N/A

N/A

C-26*

Squeezing

72

1.8

C-19

✘

N/A

N/A

N/A

D-3

Staggered-pushing

227

5.7

D-11

✘

N/A

N/A

N/A

D-1

Squeezing

206

5.2

D-77

✘

N/A

N/A

N/A

D-72

Squeezing

103

3.4

D-76

✘

N/A

N/A

N/A

D-23

Staggered-pushing

258

6.8

D-32

✘

N/A

N/A

N/A

D-23

Staggered-pushing

315

7.9

D-42

✘

N/A

N/A

N/A

D-23

Staggered-pushing

234

7.8

D-48

✘

N/A

N/A

N/A

  1. *Individual was originally used as an observer. In an effort to reduce training time (around two days per entirely naive bee), these bees then went through stepwise demonstrator training and were used as demonstrators for other observers when they passed the unrewarded demonstrator learning test. The letters in demonstrator and observer IDs refer to the colony from which the bee originated (A, B, C, or D), and the numbers refer to the individual tag attached to the thorax. #Bee was used to trial solo foraging bout protocol, therefore results are excluded because they are incomparable. N/A, not applicable.
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