Fig. 3: Accumulation of visual evidence as a behavioural strategy and its neural implementation across the brain.
From: Brain-wide dynamics linking sensation to action during decision-making
a, Mean stimulus TF preceding early licks in mouse data and outlier-detection agent. Red dashed lines show exponential decay fits. b, Decay time of the exponential fits in a. c, Schematic showing how lick probability is affected by two fast TF pulses that either integrate temporally (black) or act independently (indep.; green). d, Difference between observed early lick probability after two sequential fast TF pulses and the one predicted from their independent effect (Extended Data Fig. 6e–g), normalized by the probability from independent effect, shown as a function of delay between pulses. Data are mean with 95% confidence intervals. e, Responses to a single fast TF pulse (black) or a sequence of two fast pulses separated by 0 s (left) or 0.2 s (right) in example neurons from SCs and MOs. f, Average response to a sequence of two fast TF pulses separated by 0.2 s delay from all TF-responsive neurons in SCs (left) and MOs (right). g, Facilitation of response to the second fast TF pulse as a function of delay between two pulses for TF-responsive units in SCs and MOs. h, Same as g, but for all brain regions with at least ten TF-responsive units. Only time points with 95% confidence interval above zero (bootstrap test) are shown. i, Pearson correlation between second fast TF pulse facilitation and the median half-peak width of response to fast TF pulse across brain regions (P value based on t-statistic). Correlation excludes brain regions without significant facilitation, shown as open circles. j, Average activity of MOs units aligned to TF change onset on hit trials, split by change magnitude. Reaction times (RTs) per magnitude are shown as median (dots) with ranges between 25th and 75th percentiles. k, Same as j, but with the MOs population split into TF-responsive (shades of purple) and TF non-responsive (shades of orange) units. Darker colours correspond to larger change magnitudes. l,m, Mean GLM weights tracking activity after change (change kernels) from SCs (l) and MOs (m) units, derived from activity during change periods. Kernels shown for TF-responsive and non-responsive units, across different change magnitudes. Colour coding as in k. Reaction times shown as in j. a.u., arbitrary units. n, Each dot is the time to 50% of the peak value (ramping time) of the average change kernel across TF-responsive units in early visual areas and frontal cortex (Ctx), shown per change magnitude. o, Scaling of ramping time in activity with change size: each point represents a slope (in seconds per octave) of the linear fit to the dependence shown in m, for each group of brain regions. Bootstrap test. Values of n for each brain region and brain region group are presented in Supplementary Table 1 and definitions of brain area abbreviations can be found in Supplementary Table 2. In all panels, shaded regions or error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals.
