Extended Data Fig. 10: Rough estimation of the approximate energy consumption between the traditional multi-step alloy making approach and the proposed one step oxides to bulk alloy operation.

While quantitatively precise cost comparison between these two methods still requires dedicated technoeconomic modelling, the major energy consumption might still be estimated based on the available dataset in the literature^63,64. The estimated total energy consumption of the proposed oxides to bulk alloy synthesis method is ~9.83 GJ/t, significantly lower than the energy cost required by the conventional metal extraction-liquid alloying-thermomechanical processing route (~16.8 GJ/t).