Fig. 3: Genetic overview of the third and second millennium bc.
From: The rise and transformation of Bronze Age pastoralists in the Caucasus
a,b, PCA of newly produced ancient individuals (black outline) and individuals from previous publications (no outline) from the third millennium bc (a), and the second millennium bc (b), projected onto 102 modern-day populations (grey dots). The dashed arrows represent observed mixture clines between the Caucasus and Steppe groups and re-emerging gene flow from the northeast. The correspondent labels and groupings are listed in Supplementary Table 5. c,d, Sankey diagram of genetic ancestry modelling for third millennium bc (c) and second millennium bc (d) individuals from this study based on temporally and geographically proximal sources. The admixture proportions (as percentages) are indicated on each ancestry flow, with sources on the left and target populations on the right, and P values for each model in brackets under the population names (Supplementary Tables 15 and 17). The suffixes in the group labels present archaeological time periods and geographical regions: MLBA, Middle–Late BA; BIA, Bronze–Iron Age; IA, Iron Age.
