Extended Data Fig. 2: Singing-related dopamine activity.
From: Natural behaviour is learned through dopamine-mediated reinforcement
a, Dopamine responses aligned to singing bout boundaries (see Methods) for an example bird across days 61–100 of development. Example spectrograms and dopamine responses aligned to bout onsets (n = 1912, top) and bout offsets (n = 7745, bottom), plotted above average ΔF/F signals (purple, bout onsets; orange, bout offsets). b, ΔF/F signals plotted similarly to a but each row represents the average across one of n = 6 birds (shading, ±s.e.m). c,d, Mean subtraction of singing-related dopamine activity to isolate the error response (see Methods). Top, ΔF/F signals for an example syllable (c) and averaged across all (n = 25) syllables (d) for the closest 10% relative distance (blue), furthest 10% relative distance (red) and mean (black) across all renditions (shading, ±s.e.m). Bottom, ΔF/F signals for the furthest and closest relative distance plotted as on top but after mean subtraction. e,f, ΔF/F signals plotted as in c,d with the dopamine response to the middle 10% of trials with 0 average relative distance (purple, equidistant - neither closer nor further). g, Scatter plot of averaged ΔF/F signals for all syllables (Methods) for closer (blue), further (red), and equidistant (purple) renditions (*P < 0.05, n.s. P > 0.05, not significantly different from zero, one sample t-test; black bars, mean ± s.d.).
