Extended Data Fig. 10: Distribution of in silico orientation preference and comparison to previous literature.

a, Distribution of orientation preference of tuned neurons (gOSI > 0.25) derived from in silico responses to parametric stimuli (see Methods). Note the cardinal bias in orientation preference distribution, in which orientation preference for 0 and 90 degree angles is overrepresented. Gold: presynaptic neurons, Gray: all other neurons. b, As in a but for tuned neurons in V1 L2/3. Difference in preferred orientation (Δ Orientation) for neurons in V1 L2/3 for connected pairs (c, f), unconnected pairs (d, g), and the ratio of connected / unconnected (“connection probability”, e, h) for our study vs Lee et al.⁵ (c-e) and vs Ko et al.¹ (f-h). The connected V1 L2/3 neurons in our study show a strong like-to-like effect, consistent with both Lee et al.⁵ and Ko et al.¹ (c, f), however unlike Lee et al.⁵ and Ko et al.¹, the unconnected neurons in our study also show a strong like-to-like effect (d, g) indicating that the like-to-like effect seen in connected pairs results from an orientation preference bias. This bias likely explains why we do not observe significant a like-to-like effect between V1 L2/3 neurons at axonal scale or synaptic scale in Extended Data Fig. 9, (i.e. when pairs are tested against region-matched controls).