Extended Data Fig. 2: Observing seasonal rubber leaf phenology in Vietnam.

a,b,c, Photos from March 6–7, 2023, in Quang Nam province, illustrating varying stages of leaf phenology in rubber plantations. In (a), leaves have completely fallen with no new growth; in (b) and (c), early stages of leaf regrowth are visible. d,e, Photos from March 8–9, 2023, in Quang Tri province, further demonstrating phenological variation. Leaves are just beginning to sprout in (d) and have reached about 30% leaf coverage in (e). f, Photo from March 5, 2023, in Dong Nai province, showing rubber trees that have fully regained foliage. Notably, understory vegetation is visible in the rubber plantations depicted in (c) and (d).