Fig. 1: Interneuron firing decreases as mice approach learned goals.
a, Potential mechanisms of goal learning. b, The task with electrophysiology recording. c, The timeline (track C is not shown). d, Example receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves indicating a decrease in mouse movement speed in the zone prior to the RZ of familiar (fam.; black) and novel (nov.; green) tracks. e, Performance based on the raw AUC (left, day 1 versus 2, P = 0.001; day 1 versus 3, P = 0.001) and the percentage change in AUC (right, day 1 versus 2, P < 0.0001; day 1 versus 3, P < 0.0001; linear mixed-effects model (LMM) with Tukey correction). n = 14 (familiar) and 13 (novel) sessions from 7 mice. f, Raw (left) and residual (right) NS interneuron normalized firing rates according to the position in the familiar track with RZs (pink). g, Normalized firing rates as in f according to the distance to the RZ for each cell type. h, The raw firing rates averaged across NS interneurons. i, Normalized residual firing over distance (left) or time (right) to the RZ for NS interneurons (NS Int., blue, n = 196 cells) and pyramidal cells (Pyr., red, n = 1,157 cells). Significant effect of position (NS interneurons, P < 2.2 × 10−16; pyramidal cells, P < 2.2 × 10−16) and time (NS interneurons, P < 2.2 × 10−16;  pyramidal cells, P < 2.2 × 10−16; LMM). j, The proportion of units with significantly decreased (NS interneurons, left, n = 12, 14 and 14 sessions, days 1–3) or increased (pyramidal cells, right, n = 13, 14 and 14 sessions, days 1–3) firing (novel day 1 versus 2, P = 0.003; day 1 versus 3, P = 0.02; LMM with Tukey correction). k, Example spikes of an opto-tagged unit. str. pyr., stratum pyramidale. l, The residual firing (left) and the cell-averaged change in firing (right) for PV cells (n = 41 cells). Significant effect of position (P < 2.2 × 10−16, LMM). For e,h–j,l, data are mean ± s.e.m. For i,l, the coloured bars indicate significantly different bins (one-sided t-tests with Bonferroni correction). The mouse illustration was adapted from scidraw.io. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.005, ****P < 0.001. The brain (F. Caudi) in the mouse head (E. Tyler and L. Kravitz) diagrams in b,k were adapted under a CC BY 4.0 licence; see the Methods for further details.
