Extended Data Fig. 9: Sharp-wave ripples during goal and sham stimulation in familiar and novel environments.
a, Change in normalized firing rate of NS interneurons (“NS Int.” dark blue) or pyramidal cells (“Pyr.” red) around the SWR midpoint, averaged across SWR events in sessions with goal (“Novel Goal Stim,” left) or sham stimulation (“Novel Sham Stim,” right) in the novel environment. Inset, zoomed-in to show 1 sec. b, Normalized firing rate change between goal stimulation (“Goal stim,” blue) and sham stimulation (“Sham stim,” orange) for NS interneurons (left) and pyramidal cells (right) in the familiar environment. c-d, No significant different in SWR power (c) or duration (d) between goal stimulation (blue, n = 10 SWRs) and no stimulation (black, n = 390 SWRs) in the familiar environment (LMM). Note that part of the y-axis is removed to show full distributions; no data points were removed. e, SWR rate during sessions with goal (blue, n = 26 sessions) and sham (orange, n = 20 sessions) stimulation in a novel environment. Main effect of stimulation condition (P = 0.04, LMM). f, Coactivation probability of goal cell pairs during SWRs in goal (n = 111 pairs) and sham (n = 516 pairs) stimulation session (P = 8.1e-12, LMM). g-h, As in e for SWR power (g) and duration (h) for goal (n = 71 SWRs) and sham (n = 78 SWRs) stimulation (power: P = 0.002, LMM, not shown: 10.87 in sham stimulation; duration: P = 2.5e-09, LMM, not shown: 0.34, 0.50, 0.66, 1.00 in sham stimulation). Data in a-b represent mean ± SEM. c-h show distribution, median (white circle), quartiles (thicker lines), and whiskers (thin lines). In e-h, all goal stimulation days and all sham stimulation days pooled. n.s. (not significant); *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.005; ****P < 0.001. The brain (F. Caudi) in mouse head (E. Tyler and L. Kravitz) diagrams in b were adapted under a CC BY 4.0 licence; see the Methods for further details.
