Extended Data Fig. 7: Time series of summertime basin-averaged MLD, upper ocean temperature stratification and incoming solar radiation anomalies.
From: Drivers of the extreme North Atlantic marine heatwave during 2023
Time series of summertime North Atlantic basin-averaged MLD (m) (a), upper ocean temperature stratification (°C m−1) (b), and incoming solar radiation anomalies (W m−2) (c). The ocean time series (a,b) are derived from IAPv3 and the solar radiation anomalies (c) from ERA5 (Methods). The upper ocean temperature stratification is calculated between the surface and 50-m depth. All basin-averaged trend lines shown are significant at the 95% confidence level. In panel a, the shoaling trend in MLD averaged over June–August is −0.58 m per decade during 1980–2023. In panels a and b, trend lines are shown excluding and including the period 2020–2022 (after the International Maritime Organization 2020 agreement27,28). Time series in panels a and b are shown for the whole North Atlantic as well as separated into the western and eastern sectors (separated at 40° W).
