Extended Data Fig. 2: Bidirectional regulation of PV+ interneuron activity has opposite effects on inhibition.

a, Presynaptic VGaT⁺ puncta and postsynaptic Gephyrin⁺ clusters in neighbouring uninfected and hM3Dq⁺ PV⁺ interneurons in vehicle-treated mice. Inserts show PV and mCherry immunoreactivity in cell somata. b, Quantification of the density of VGaT + /Gephyrin+ puncta on neighbouring uninfected and hM3D⁺ PV⁺ interneurons in vehicle-treated mice (n = 8; two-tailed paired Student’s t-test, p = 0.86). c, Presynaptic VGaT+ puncta and postsynaptic Gephyrin⁺ clusters in neighbouring uninfected and hM3Dq-mCherry+ PV+ interneurons in CNO-treated mice. Inserts show PV and mCherry immunoreactivity in the cell somata. d, Quantification of the density of VGaT + /Gephyrin+ puncta on neighbouring uninfected and hM3Dq-mCherry+ PV+ interneurons in CNO-treated mice (n = 9; two-tailed paired Student’s t-test, p = 8×10⁻⁴). e, Quantification of the density of VGaT⁺/Gephyrin⁺ puncta on neighbouring uninfected PV+ interneurons in vehicle-treated and CNO-treated mice (Vehicle: n = 8; CNO: n = 9; two-tailed Student’s t-test, p = 0.44). f, Experimental strategy. Adapted from ref. ⁶⁸ (reprinted with permission from AAAS) and ref. ⁶⁹. g, Traces of mEPSCs recorded from hM4Di-mCherry-infected PV+ interneurons in vehicle- and CNO-treated mice. h, Quantification of amplitude (vehicle, n = 15 cells, 14 slices, 7 mice; CNO, n = 16 cells, 12 slices, 7 mice; two-tailed Student’s t-test, p = 0.20) and frequency (vehicle, n = 15 cells, 14 slices, 7 mice; CNO, n = 16 cells, 12 slices, 7 mice; two-tailed Student’s t-test, p = 0.46) of mEPSCs recorded from hM3Dq-mCherry-infected PV+ interneurons in vehicle- and CNO-treated mice. i, Traces of mIPSCs recorded from hM4Di-mCherry-infected PV+ interneurons in vehicle- and CNO-treated mice. j, Quantification of amplitude (vehicle, n = 15 cells, 14 slices, 7 mice; CNO, n = 16 cells, 12 slices, 7 mice; two-tailed Student’s t-test, p = 0.14) and frequency (vehicle, n = 15 cells, 14 slices, 7 mice; CNO, n = 16 cells, 12 slices, 7 mice; two-tailed Student’s t-test, p = 0.03) of mIPSCs recorded from hM3Dq-mCherry-infected PV+ interneurons in vehicle- and CNO-treated mice. k, Excitation/Inhibition (E/I) ratio in hM4Di-mCherry infected PV interneurons in vehicle- and CNO-treated mice (vehicle, n = 15 cells, 14 slices, 7 mice; CNO, n = 16 cells, 12 slices, 7 mice; two-tailed Student’s t-test, p = 0.009). Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. Scale bars, 1 µm.

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