Fig. 4: Experimental miR-2954 targets.

a, Proportions of predicted autosomal (Pred-Auto) and Z-linked (Pred-Z) miR-2954 targets with 8-mer binding sites (left) or several sites (right); P values from two-sided χ² tests. b, The context+ scores of Pred-Auto (n = 1,892) and Pred-Z (n = 321); P value from two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test. c, Proportions of experimentally validated Z-linked targets (Exp-Z) and other Z-linked protein-coding genes (Other-Z) among chicken ohnologues; P value from two-sided χ² test. d, Probabilities of haploinsufficiency (pHaplo) and triplosensitivity (pTriplo) between Exp-Z (n = 210) and Other-Z (n = 320) genes, split by ohnologue status; P values from two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. e, Tissue and developmental tau scores (0, broad; 1, specific) between Exp-Z (n = 248) and Other-Z (n = 461) genes; P values from two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. f, Median and IQRs of the ratios of current versus proto-Z (ancestral) expression for Z-linked non-targets (n = 193) and Exp-Z genes (n = 201) for males and females on the log₂ scale. Reference lines indicate the ratios of −1 (half-ancestral expression), 0 (equal expression) and 1 (twofold ancestral expression). Statistical significance is shown as two one-sided test (TOST) Wilcoxon equivalence test (green, within ±0.5 of reference; grey, not significant) and two-sided one-sample Wilcoxon test (red, significant deviation; grey, not significant). g, The log₂ female-to-male expression ratios for Exp-Z and Other-Z with fragments per kilobase million (FPKM) greater than one in the brain (n = 236), cerebellum (n = 220), heart (n = 225), kidney (n = 229) and liver (n = 237); P values from two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. h, Distribution of Exp-Z and Pred-Z genes in 0.5-Mb windows along the Z chromosome. The locations of MHM regions 1 and 2 (MHM1 and MHM2, red lines) and miR-2954 (green line) are indicated; P value from a two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. All box plots show the median, 25th–75th percentiles and whiskers extending to 1.5× the IQR.