Table 1 The social foundation and its indicators of shortfall
From: Doughnut of social and planetary boundaries monitors a world out of balance
Dimension | Indicator | Shortfall (%) | Historical trend | To eliminate shortfall by 2030 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(% of global population, unless otherwise stated) | 2000–2001 | 2021–2022 | (%pt per year) | (%pt per year) | |
Food | Population undernourished | 13 | 10 | −0.2** (improving) | −1.2 |
Population with moderate to severe food insecurity | (23) | 29 | +1.1** (worsening) | −3.6 | |
Health | Population living in countries with under-5 mortality rate exceeding 25 per 1,000 live births | 75 | 42 | −1.4** (improving) | −5.3 |
Population living in countries without high coverage of essential health services (Universal Health Coverage Index score less than 60 out of 100) | 79 | 28 | −2.8** (improving) | −3.5 | |
Education | Adult population (aged 15+ years) who are illiterate | 23 | 16 | −0.4** (improving) | −2.0 |
Young adult population (aged 21–23 years) with incomplete upper secondary education | 61 | 37 | −1.3** (improving) | −4.6 | |
Income and work | Population living below the societal poverty line, set at half their country’s median household income or at least $15 a day | 85 | 73 | −0.6** (improving) | −9.1 |
Population of young people (aged 15–24 years) not in employment, education or training | (25) | 21 | −0.1* (improving) | −2.6 | |
Water and sanitation | Population lacking access to safely managed drinking water | 39 | 37 | −0.1** (improving) | −4.6 |
Population lacking access to safely managed sanitation | 66 | 42 | −1.2** (improving) | −5.2 | |
Energy | Population lacking access to electricity | 21 | 8 | −0.6** (improving) | −1.1 |
Population lacking access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking, heating and lighting | 50 | 27 | −1.2** (improving) | −3.3 | |
Connectivity | Urban population lacking convenient access to public transport | – | 53 | – (not known) | −6.6 |
Population not accessing the internet | 93 | 37 | −2.6** (improving) | −4.6 | |
Housing | Urban population living in slums or informal settlements | 40 | 32 | −0.4** (improving) | −4.0 |
Equality | Population-weighted score on the Gender Inequality Index (global gap between women and men in terms of reproductive health, empowerment and employment) | 46 | 35 | −0.5** (improving) | −4.4 |
Racial inequality (no global indicator tracks racial and ethnic equality gaps in social outcomes at present) | – | – | – (not known) | – | |
Social cohesion | Population stating that they are without someone to count on in times of trouble | (21) | 24 | +0.1 (no change) | −3.0 |
Population living in countries with a Palma ratio of 2 or more (the income share of the richest 10% of people relative to the poorest 40%) | 72 | 65 | −0.2** (improving) | −8.1 | |
Political voice | Population living in countries governed by an autocratic regime | 46 | 71 | +1.0** (worsening) | −8.8 |
Peace and justice | Population stating that they perceive widespread corruption in government and business | (80) | 75 | −0.5** (improving) | −9.3 |
Population living in countries with a homicide rate of 5 or more per 100,000 | 29 | 20 | −0.5** (improving) | −2.5 | |
