Fig. 3: Population distribution of informality (block complexity) for the major cities of sub-Saharan Africa.
From: Infrastructure deficits and informal settlements in sub-Saharan Africa
a, Cities ranked by population showing, for example, that Lagos (Nigeria) probably already provides infrastructure access to >65% of its population (k ≤ 3). b, Cities ranked by higher levels of infrastructure deficits, k. Antananarivo (Madagascar) stands out as the subcontinent’s most informal major city, but cities such as Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) or Kampala (Uganda) also present significant challenges. Cities with the highest levels of access provision include Dakar (Senegal) and the cities of South Africa (Supplementary Notes). Extended Data Fig. 2 illustrates fits to standard statistical distributions and Supplementary Table 1 provides best-fit parameters for all major cities in sub-Saharan Africa. AGO, Angola; BFA, Burkina Faso; CIV, Côte d’Ivoire; CMR, Cameroon; COD, Democratic Republic of the Congo; COG, Congo; ETH, Ethiopia; GHA, Ghana; GIN, Guinea; MLI, Mali; MOZ, Mozamique; NGA, Nigeria; KEN, Kenya; SDN, Sudan; SEN, Senegal; SOM, Somalia; TGO, Togo; TZA, Tanzania; UGA, Uganda; ZAF, South Africa; ZMB, Zambia.
