Extended Data Fig. 1: State- and target-specificity of the negative parental switch.

a, Attack latency as a function of food restriction duration (n (left to right) = 2, 9, 14 and 70; P = 6.5 × 10^–20). b, Percentage of Agg⁺ animals depending on behaviour before food deprivation (Par, parental, Ign, ignoring; n = 67 (Par), 66 (Ign) mice). c, Attack latency depending on behaviour before food deprivation (n = 33 (Par), 37 (Ign)). d, Pup contact latency of Agg⁺ and Agg⁻ mice after food deprivation (n = 14 (Agg⁺), 10 (Agg⁻)). e, Duration of pup sniffing and pup grooming in Agg⁺ and Agg⁻ mice (sniff: n = 12 (Agg⁺), 10 (Agg⁻); groom: n = 11 (Agg⁺), 10 (Agg⁻)). f, Percentage of mice exhibiting aggression towards prey (cricket) or adult intruders in Pre and Post period (n (left to right) = 16, 16 and 16 mice). g, Percentage of mice that consume prey after initiating hunting behaviour (n = 6 (Pre), 5 (Post)). h, Performance of Agg⁺ and Agg⁻ mice in Elevated Plus Maze before and after food deprivation (n = 6 (Pre), 8 (Post)). i, Performance of Agg⁺ and Agg^– mice in Open Field before and after food deprivation (n = 7 (Pre), 10 (Post)). j, Percentage of mice switching to pup-directed aggression after 6 h of either food restriction, water restriction, light cycle inversion, or housing in novel, empty cage. All, all stressors, All+Food, all stressors in non-food-deprived mice (n (left to right) = 16, 8, 11, 10, 16 and 8 mice). Significance levels are between ‘–Food’ and all other groups. k, Fibre photometry recordings from Arc^AgRP neurons during pup interactions. l, Example recording trace of Arc^AgRP population activity during pup chemoinvestigation in 6-h food-deprived mice. m, Averaged, Z-scored Arc^AgRP activity during pup chemoinvestigation (n = 5 traces, N = 1 mouse). Data are mean ± s.e.m. n–s, Representative behavioural raster plots (n,p,r) and corresponding behavioural state transition diagrams (o,q,s; see Methods) from individual mice classified as Agg⁺, parental Agg⁻, or pup-ignoring Agg⁻ during pup interactions. Chemo, chemoinvestigation, retri., pup retrieval, in nest: in nest with pups, in empty nest: in next without pups, P_T, transition probability. Statistics: One-way ANOVA in a. Chi-Square test (two-sided) in b,g. Fisher’s exact test in f,j (two-sided, Benjamini-Hochberg adjustment in j). U test (two-sided) in c,d. Two-way ANOVA in e,h,i. Box plots: median (line), interquartile range (box), whiskers, 1.5× IQR. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. See Supplementary Table 3 for further details of the statistical analyses.

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