Extended Data Fig. 5: Carbon abatement cost estimates of low-carbon and near-zero emission steelmaking technologies.
From: Technological pathways for cost-effective steel decarbonization
a–b) Low-carbon and near-zero technology options for BF-BOF retrofits, respectively. Abatement costs are calculated relative to the carbon emissions and production cost of AVG BF-BOF, representing the current BF-BOF route at the global average level. c–d) Low-carbon and near-zero technology options for DRI-EAF retrofits, respectively. Abatement costs are calculated relative to the emissions and cost of the current global-average DRI-EAF route.
