Extended Data Fig. 8: Cost sensitivity of 22 technologies to key input prices, initial costs, learning rates, and component capacities by 2050.

Price fluctuations in iron ore, scrap, coke, and electricity are considered as four primary cost drivers in steelmaking. Variations in initial cost (IC), learning rate (LR), and cumulative capacity (Xt) are also examined for novel components, including carbon capture and storage (CCS), bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), green hydrogen (GH₂), blue hydrogen (BH₂), and electrolysers. Colors differentiate input types and novel components, while line styles denote parameter categories: solid lines indicate input prices or initial costs, dot-dashed lines represent learning rates, and dotted lines show cumulative capacities.