Fig. 4: Chromosomal translocations and homeologous sequence exchanges.

a, Karyotype analysis comparing chromosomes 2A and 2C between a non-translocated variety (HiFi) and a translocated one (Bannister). b, Origin of the 2A/2C translocation and inheritance in Canadian and Australian oat varieties (green text highlights all the lines with the 2A/2C translocation that had OT207 as a common parent in their pedigree). c, Yield advantage of the 6 Australian varieties carrying the 2A/2C translocation in Australia’s NVT, in comparison with 11 varieties without the translocation. Two-sided t-test, n = 158 (grain yield for both translocation presence and absence), n = 22 (height, translocation presence) and n = 41 (height, translocation absence). Box plot shows the median; the IQR from the 25th to 75th percentile (box limits); and the minimum and maximum (whiskers). d, Karyotypes of Amagalon, A. sativa ND060432 and A. sativa GS7. The karyotypes show the lack of chromosome 6D in ND060432 and its substitution with chromosome 6A from Amagalon. e, Read mapping counts of whole-genome resequencing data from ND060432, showing the substitution of A. sativa 6D with Amagalon 6A. Reads were mapped to a hybrid reference combining Amagalon (top) and A. sativa GS7 (bottom). f, Ternary plot of the expression of triads on chromosome 6 in GS7 (left) and ND060432 (right) for leaf tissue. Each point represents the relative contribution of the three subgenomes (A, C and D) to the expression of a homeologous triad. Colour intensity in the hexbin plots reflects data-point density on a logarithmic scale.