Extended Data Fig. 6: Comparison of managed landfill and dumping site total and area-normalized emission distributions.

Distributions of total (full colors) and area-normalized (lines) methane emission rates for managed landfills (orange) and dumping sites (purple). Two-sided two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) and a two-sample Anderson-Darling (A-D) tests are performed to test whether distributions are significantly different between managed landfills and dumping sites. Total site-wise emission distributions are not significantly different, but area-normalized emission distributions are, with lower (on average) area-normalized emissions in managed landfills compared to dumping sites. This may be explained by managed landfills including closed inactive modules that generally show no emissions above the GHGSat detection threshold but still add to the total site area whereas, by definition, dumping sites do not show these closed inactive modules. This reflects the expected effect of definitively covering and closing some parts of managed landfills, thus confirming the efficiency of this mitigation strategy.