Fig. 5: Association of rare variants with education, socioeconomic status and IQ.
From: Rare genetic variants confer a high risk of ADHD and implicate neuronal biology
a, OR (from logistic regression) of lower education and lower SES in individuals with ADHD who have one or more rPTVs in constrained genes (pLI ≥ 0.9), compared with individuals with ADHD who do not have rPTVs in constrained genes. The analysis was also performed for individuals with ADHD without intellectual disability (ADHDwoID) who have one or more rPTVs in constrained genes, compared with individuals with ADHD without intellectual disability (ADHDwoID) who do not have rPTVs in constrained genes. ADHD with lower education, n = 6,488; ADHD with higher education, n = 1,436; ADHDwoID with lower education, n = 5,297; ADHDwoID with higher education, n = 1,253; ADHD with lower SES, n = 3,110; ADHD with higher SES, n = 3,223; ADHDwoID with lower SES, n = 2,509; ADHDwoID with higher SES, n = 2,778). Dots represent OR point estimates, and error bars indicate the corresponding 95% CIs. b, Association of IQ and the number of ultra-rare class I variants in the German ADHD clinical sample (n = 962). Results for all autosomal genes and constrained genes (pLI ≥ 0.9). The effect on IQ is the β coefficient from linear regression. Dots represent β coefficient point estimates, and error bars indicate the corresponding 95% CIs. The dotted line represents an OR of 1 in a, and a β of 0 in b.
