Fig. 1: System design of phosphine oxide–lanthanide fluoride nanocrystal emitters.
From: Electro-generated excitons for tunable lanthanide electroluminescence
a, Schematic of the synthetic procedure for 4-nm NaGdF4:Tb/Eu nanocrystals capped with ArPPOA ligands. FG refers to functional groups used to modify the ArPPOA ligands. The bottom panel shows photographs of multicolour emissions from NaGdF4:Tb/Eu@ArPPOA dispersed in ethanol (1 mg ml−1) excited with a 365-nm ultraviolet lamp, demonstrating the tunable emission colours achieved by varying the dopant composition. b, Atomic force microscopy images of spin-coated films made from ligand-free NaGd0.6F4:Tb0.4 nanocrystals and NaGd0.6F4:Tb0.4@CzPPOA nanohybrids. The root-mean-square roughness (Rq) values are provided to illustrate the improved film formability and surface smoothness achieved with the ligand-functionalized nanocrystals compared with the ligand-free counterparts.
