Fig. 1: Combination immunotherapy promotes post-intervention control of HIV.

a, Study schema: administration of combination immunotherapy including a DNA vaccine targeting CEs of HIV Gag, two bNAbs with a TLR9 agonist in ten people living with HIV on ART, followed by a second infusion of bNAbs immediately before an ATI. b, The time to HIV rebound after ART discontinuation. c, Plasma viral load rebound kinetics from the first day of rebound (x = 0); the numbers on the graph indicate set point (the median viral load from 2 weeks after peak viral load to the time of ART restart); the colours indicate the rebound phenotype (red, non-control/typical rebound; blue, viraemic post-intervention control; grey, no rebound for over 18 months off ART). The shape indicates the timing of ART after HIV acquisition: circle, chronic infection; triangle, acute infection (<1 month); square, early infection (1–6 months). End points indicate the day of ART restart, except for the participant with no rebound (grey). The empty square represents a participant with an HLA-B*57 allele. d, Comparison of the last available viral load before ART initiation (single value) versus the post-ART set point. Statistical analysis was performed using two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. e, HIV rebound slope (log₁₀-transformed copies per ml per day) from the time of rebound to the time of peak viral load after pausing ART in people who were known controllers before starting ART (prior controller, n = 7) or not (prior non-controller, n = 13) in the absence of any immunotherapeutic intervention, versus non-controllers (n = 3) and viraemic post-intervention controllers (n = 6) from this trial. LOD, limit of detection; NC, non-control; PIC, post-intervention control; UD, undetectable.

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