Fig. 4: Octopamine and tyramine receptors in sensory neurons gate aggressive state entry and exit.
From: Predatory aggression evolved through adaptations to noradrenergic circuits
a, Probability density map of velocity and pumping rate for WT, tbh-1 and the octopamine receptors ser-3, ser-6 and octr-1. ser-3 and ser-6 phenocopy tbh-1. b, Relative time in each behavioural state for all genotypes in a. Statistics were performed with Mann–Whitney U-test using Bonferroni correction for multiple tests against Ppa-tbh-1. n = 170 for WT, n = 197 for Ppa-tbh-1, n = 137 for Ppa-ser-3, n = 104 for Ppa-ser-6, n = 215 for Ppa-octr-1. Minimum of three biological replicates. c, Average transition rates between behavioural states for ser-3 and ser-6. The number in circles indicates the average state duration as in b, and the arrow size indicates the transition rate normalized to outgoing transitions. d, Probability density map of velocity and pumping rate for tdc-1 and the tyramine receptors tyra-2, ser-2, tyra-3 and lgc-55, all in the tbh-1 background. e, Relative time in each behavioural state for all genotypes in d. Box plots follow Tukey’s rule with the box from first to third quartiles, and a line at the median. The whiskers denote 1.5 × interquartile range. Statistics were performed with Mann–Whitney U-test using Bonferroni correction for multiple tests against Ppa-tdc-1. n = 116 for WT, n = 197 for Ppa-tbh-1, n = 235 for Ppa-tdc-1, n = 184 for Ppa-tbh-1-tyra-2, n = 298 for Ppa-tbh-1-ser-2, n = 60 for Ppa-tbh-1-tyra-3, n = 175 for Ppa-tbh-1-lgc-55. Minimum of three biological replicates. f, Average transition rates between behavioural states for tbh-1; lgc-55. The number in circles indicates the average state duration as in e and the arrow size indicates the transition rate normalized to outgoing transitions. g, Comparative expression pattern analysis for the octopamine receptors ser-3 and ser-6, as well as the tyramine receptor lgc-55, in P. pacificus (top) and C. elegans (bottom). Arrow indicates putative IL2 neurons in P. pacificus. Arrow with * indicates putative OL cell neurites in P. pacificus. Scale bar, 50 μm. See the Methods for statistics. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.
