Fig. 2: The EDS1–PAD4–ADR1s module functions downstream of SUMM2.

a–c, RNAi-MEKK1-induced plant dwarfism (a), cell death and H₂O₂ accumulation (b) and PR1 and PR2 expression (c) are suppressed in adr1/L1/L2, eds1-2 and pad4-1. Plants are shown 2 weeks after virus-induced gene silencing (a). Scale bars, 1 cm (a) and 0.5 cm (b). RT–qPCR data are shown as mean ± s.d. (n = 3; c). Ctrl, control. d, The mekk1 seedling lethality is alleviated in adr1/L1/L2/mekk1 and summ2/mekk1. Three-week-old seedlings on 1/2 MS medium are shown. Scale bars, 0.5 cm. e, SUMM2^ac-triggered plant dwarfism is alleviated in eds1-2, pad4-1 and adr1/L1/L2. Two representative 3-week-old plants are shown. Scale bars, 1 cm. f, SUMM2^ac-triggered cell death and H₂O₂ accumulation are alleviated in adr1/L1/L2. Scale bars, 1 cm (top). Images were converted to greyscale, and the mean value of the area was scored by ImageJ, with data shown as mean ± s.e.m. (n = 5; bottom). g, Model depicting the genetic relationship of the EDS1–PAD4–ADR1s module and SUMM2 in mekk1–mkk1/2–mpk4 autoimmunity. h, SUMM2 associates with EDS1 and PAD4, but not ADR1-L1. Proteins were co-expressed in Arabidopsis protoplasts (−, vector control) for immunoprecipitation (IP) and IB (top two panels). Proteins before IP are input controls (bottom two panels). i, SUMM2^ac promotes PAD4–GFP/EDS1–FLAG and ADR1-L1–mCherry association in a FRET-FLIM analysis. The indicated combinations of proteins were expressed in Arabidopsis protoplasts, and the GFP mean fluorescence lifetime values (τ) were analysed, shown as mean ± s.e.m. (n = 15). j, SUMM2^ac promotes ADR1-L1 oligomerization. ADR1-L1–FLAG was co-expressed with SUMM2^ac–GFP or SUMM2–GFP in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Proteins were analysed by BN-PAGE (top) or SDS–PAGE (middle and bottom). Experiments were repeated three times with similar results. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey test (c,f,i). For gel source data, see Supplementary Fig. 1.

Source data