Fig. 1: Design and validation of genetic devices for cell differentiation.
a, Schematic of a probabilistic branching device that generates two fluorescent progeny cell types. b–d, Schematics and fluorescence measurements demonstrating differentiation in engineered E. coli (b), S. cerevisiae (c) and HEK293FT cells (d). Progeny ratios were quantified by flow cytometry and are reported as mean ± s.d., n = 8 biological replicates. Scale bars, 10 μm (b), 20 μm (c) and 100 μm (d). e, Factors influencing yeast differentiation driven by branching devices, quantified by flow cytometry (mean ± s.d., n = 8 biological replicates). f, Growth curves of four representative yeast strains, with growth rates summarized in the inset (mean ± s.d., n = 4 biological replicates). Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-tests; P ≥ 0.05, not significant.
