Fig. 4: Bilateral attribution of historical damages due to country-level emissions since 1990, cumulated through 2020.
From: Quantifying climate loss and damage consistent with a social cost of carbon
Emissions include both fossil fuel and land use emissions. Emitting countries shown in the left column, whereas receiving countries are shown in the right column. Bar widths are proportional to damages or benefits. The total cumulative damages attributable to each emitter, or experienced by each recipient, are in parentheses. All estimates are under a fixed 2% discount rate.
