Extended Data Fig. 2: Recovery trajectories of species diversity.

Blue and orange dots represent species diversity (alpha-diversity Hill-number of order q = 1, i.e. Shannon diversity) in agriculture plots or recovering plots with cacao or pasture land use legacy. Green dots indicate species diversity in old-growth forest plots. The blue and orange curves represent the estimated recovery trajectories for cacao and pasture legacy plots according to Eq. 5 (see Methods). Dashed lines indicate curves with λ not significantly different from 0. The light blue and orange curves indicate 95% confidence intervals estimated using a jackknife procedure (see Methods) based on n-1 iterations with n being the number of independent plots sampled per taxon and legacy. See caption of Extended Data Fig. 1 for sample sizes. Orange line in boxplots shows median, boxes show data in 25th and 75th quartile and whiskers indicate 1.5x the interquartile range. Silhouettes of saproxylic beetle, bee, moth, dung beetle, nocturnal insect, ant, bird and ground bird were created by G. Brehm under a CC BY-SA 4.0 licence. The following silhouettes were reproduced from PhyloPic (https://www.phylopic.org/): frog and ground mammal, created by M. Michaud under a CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain licence; bat, created by Y. Wong under a CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain licence; frugivorous bird, created by E. Price under a CC BY 4.0 licence; seedling, created by M. Hofstetter under a CC BY 3.0 licence; tree, created by T. M. Keesey under a CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain licence; leaf-litter arthropod, created by B. Lang under a CC BY 3.0 licence; bacteria 10-cm depth and bacteria 50-cm depth, created by L. Simons under a CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain licence.