Extended Data Fig. 4: Variation in recovery time estimates across taxa and community attributes based on standardized diversity metrics (compare with Fig. 2).

Recovery time estimates the time span until species composition similarity, species diversity and total abundance of secondary forests reaches 90% of the median of old-growth forest plots as a reference. Species composition was calculated using the Horn-index (transformation of the beta-diversity Hill-number of order q = 1). Species diversity was calculated using the standardized alpha-diversity Hill-number of order q = 1 (Shannon diversity). Colored dots on the axis represent the estimated recovery time on the time arrow. Confidence intervals of recovery times range from white (»450 years) and light-grey silhouettes (<450 years) to black (0 years) on a logarithmic scale; exact values of confidence intervals of recovery times can be found in Supplementary Table 1. Exact values of confidence intervals of recovery times can be found in Supplementary Table 1. 95% confidence intervals were estimated using a jackknife procedure (see Fig. 3 and Methods) based on n-1 iterations with n being the number of sampled plots per taxon and legacy. See Extended Data Fig. 1 for sample sizes. Taxa marked with an asterisk were set to a recovery time of 0 years (see Supplementary Note 2). Species compositions of bacteria showed extremely long recovery times which could not be displayed on the same axis. Taxa symbols are described in the legend. a,b, Cacao (a) and pasture (b) icons reproduced with permissions from ref. ⁵³, Ecological Society of America, under a CC BY-NC 4.0 licence. Silhouettes of saproxylic beetle, bee, moth, dung beetle, nocturnal insect, ant, bird and ground bird were created by G. Brehm under a CC BY-SA 4.0 licence. The following silhouettes were reproduced from PhyloPic (https://www.phylopic.org/): frog and ground mammal, created by M. Michaud under a CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain licence; bat, created by Y. Wong under a CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain licence; frugivorous bird, created by E. Price under a CC BY 4.0 licence; seedling, created by M. Hofstetter under a CC BY 3.0 licence; tree, created by T. M. Keesey under a CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain licence; leaf-litter arthropod, created by B. Lang under a CC BY 3.0 licence; bacteria 10-cm depth and bacteria 50-cm depth, created by L. Simons under a CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain licence.