Fig. 3: Chronic effects in DIO mice.
From: GLP-1R–GIPR–PPARα/γ/δ quintuple agonism corrects obesity and diabetes in mice
a–m, DIO mice were treated once daily with subcutaneous injections of vehicle or 10 nmol kg−1 GLP-1–GIP–Lani or GLP-1–GIP plus Lani for 39 days. n = 7–8 mice per group. a, Body mass. b, Change in fat and lean mass c, Cumulative food intake. d, Glucose tolerance test on day 9. e, Insulin tolerance test on day 40. f, Fasting blood glucose. g, Fasting plasma insulin. h, Liver weight. i, Plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST). j, Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT). k, Liver triglycerides (TAG). l, Representative histology of liver, muscle, heart, pancreas, eWAT and kidney. m, Heart mass against tibia lengths. n–p, Renal effects were assessed in DIO mice treated once daily with subcutaneous injections of vehicle or 10 nmol kg−1 GLP-1–GIP or GLP-1–GIP–Lani for 26 days. n = 4–8 mice per group. n, Haematocrit. o, Total body fluid. p, Plasma and urinary creatinine. q–v, Cardiovascular end-points were assessed in DIO mice treated once daily with subcutaneous injections of vehicle or 10 nmol kg−1 GLP-1–GIP or GLP-1–GIP–Lani for 14 days. n = 7–9 mice per group. q, Blood pressure. r, Heart rate. s, Ejection fraction. t, Fractional shortening. u, Stroke volume. v, Cardiac output. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc multiple-comparison test (b,f,i–k,n,o,r–v), two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (a,c–e), Kruskal–Wallis test with uncorrected Dunns’s test (g,h,q) or analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) (m). Data in p were analysed using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc multiple-comparison test in the case of normal distribution or with the Kruskal–Wallis test with uncorrected Dunns’s test in case of non-normal distribution. In c, cumulative food intake was assessed per cage in single- or double-house mice. Data are mean ± s.e.m. Exact P values, n values and detailed statistics are provided in Supplementary Tables 1 and 3 and Source Data.
