Extended Data Fig. 1: Illustrations that compare use scenarios of conventional temporary pacemakers and the bioresorbable, implantable, leadless, battery-free devices reported here.

a, Schematic illustration that demonstrates the existing clinical approach for using conventional temporary pacemakers. (i) An external generator connects through wired, percutaneous interfaces to pacing electrodes attached to the myocardium. Temporary transvenous leads are affixed to the myocardium either passively with tines or actively with extendable/retractable screws. (ii) The pacing leads can become enveloped in fibrotic tissue at the electrode-myocardium interface, which increases the risk of myocardial damage and perforation during lead removal. As a result, temporary epicardial leads placed at the time of open heart surgery are often cut and allowed to retract to avoid the risk of removal by traction. b, The proposed approach is uniquely enabled by the bioresorbable, leadless device introduced here. (i) Electrical stimulation paces the heart via inductive wireless power transfer, as needed throughout the post-operative period. (ii) Following resolution of pacing needs or insertion of a permanent device, the implanted device dissolves into the body, thereby eliminating the need for extraction.