Fig. 4: Gene module analysis of autoimmune diseases.

a, Heatmap showing the overlap between gene modules across traits (color-coded as in Fig. 3a,c,d). The GOBP description is based on the results of a GOBP enrichment test (one-sided Fisher’s exact test, BH adjustment, Methods). The heatmap in the right-hand panel shows the gene set enrichment analysis carried out on the expression data from different tissues extracted from Human Protein Atlas (HPA) for the gene modules in blue (two-sided Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Methods). After BH adjustment for multiple testing, the P value of the test was log transformed and given a positive value if the median distribution for the foreground was higher than the background and a negative value if it was lower. b, Shared modules as a network, nodes are gene modules associated with different immune-related traits colored blue or red for the two trait subgroups; edges represent a high degree of overlap at the gene level (Jaccard index > 0.7). Gene modules linked to different traits are given in black circles. Gene modules are linked with the yellow node ‘ChEMBL-drugs’ when they contain targets for drugs in clinical trials (phases III and IV, ChEMBL); linked with green nodes when they are enriched in genes with clinical variants for a given disease; and linked with purple nodes when they are enriched for the corresponding KO phenotypes (one-sided Fisher’s exact test, adjusted P < 0.05). c, Network corresponding to genes found in gene modules enriched for Type I interferon (INF) signaling, phospholipase C-activating GPCR signaling, neutrophil activation (integrins) and protein kinase A (PKA) activity. Edge filtering, node and edge colors are the same as in Fig. 3c,d.