Fig. 2: Ancestry association with CH frequency in the MCPS.

a, Frequency of all CH by age among individuals with >50% Indigenous American ancestry and individuals with >50% European ancestry. Ancestry genome proportion was inferred with RFMix2.0 software. The center line represents the fitted values from the general additive model with P-spline smooth class and the shaded region represents the lower and upper bound of the 95% CI of the fitted values. Individuals aged 70 years or above were included as a single age group. b, Frequency of all CH by binned proportion of European genome. Measures of center represent the observed CH frequencies; error bars, lower and upper bound of the 95% CI of CH frequencies. In total, 134,297 individuals with RFMix-inferred ancestry available were included for analysis. c, Frequency of smoking (previous, current or ever) by binned proportion of European genome. d, Intra-population comparison of the frequency of all CH and gene-specific CH among individuals with varying degrees of European and non-European (Indigenous American and African) genome. Only CH driver genes identified in at least ten individuals are shown here. Beta coefficients and unadjusted two-sided P values were derived from a logistic regression model with all CH or gene-specific CH as the outcome and with the proportion of European genome as the predictor, adjusted for age, sex and smoking status. In total, 134,255 individuals with RFMix-inferred ancestry and smoking status available were included for analysis. Measures of center represent the beta coefficients; error bars, lower and upper bound of the 95% CI of the beta coefficients. Full circles represent significant associations (P < 0.05); hollow circles represent non-significant associations (P ≥ 0.05).