Fig. 4: Human lung organoids from different stem cell origins generate developing and adult cell states.

a, Schematic of the analyses performed on the lung organoid subatlas (HLOCA) and comparison with the primary reference tissue. b,c, UMAP of the integrated object of all lung organoid samples colored by cell type (b) and stem cell source (c). d, Dot plot showing lung marker gene expression across organoid cell types. e, Analytical design of the lung organoid subatlas and comparison with the primary reference tissue. f,g, UMAP of the integrated lung fetal and adult primary tissue single-cell object colored by adult sample or fetal cell type (f) and age of sample (g). h, Projection of lung organoid cells onto fetal and adult primary epithelial single-cell objects categorized by PSC-, FSC- and ASC-derived organoid samples. i, Bar plot illustrating the predicted cell proportions of each organoid sample mapped to the primary tissue objects. The samples are divided by PSC-, FSC- and ASC-derived organoid samples from left to right. j, Box plot showing the predicted probability of cell mapping to adult samples. The cell numbers range from 395 to 13,017, with samples containing fewer than 500 cells marked by an asterisk. The center represents the median; bounds show the 25% and 75% percentiles; and whiskers indicate values within 1.5× the interquartile range. k, Bar plots illustrating the predicted tissue (fetal in gray and adult in blue) proportions. The order of organoid samples in j and k is consistent with that in i.