Extended Data Fig. 6: Differential gene expression analysis and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis for resistance signature.

(a) The volcano plot displays the differentially expressed genes derived from one of the 50 intermediate data splits. Each point represents a gene, with the x-axis indicating the log2 fold change and the y-axis showing the −log10 adjusted p-value. Genes within the final resistance signature are shown. Genes that are significantly differentially expressed are in red. The horizontal dashed line represents the significance threshold (adjusted p-value < 0.1), and the vertical dashed lines indicate the log2 fold change cutoffs. (b) The GO enrichment plot illustrates the functional categories significantly enriched among the differentially expressed genes. The y-axis represents the GO terms, and the x-axis shows the fold enrichment for each term. Enriched GO terms are biological processes. The size of the dots corresponds to the number of genes associated with each GO term, and the color gradient represents the significance level. These analyses highlight key pathways and processes potentially involved in the biological mechanisms underlying the observed gene expression changes, providing insights into the functional implications of the genes identified in the final resistance signature.