Supplementary Figure 1

HFD triggers moderate β-cell proliferation and TLR2/TLR4 activation blocks human β-cell proliferation. a, Representative confocal images of Ki67⁺Ins⁺ cells in pancreas sections from 4- or 45-week-old B6 mice on either LFD or HFD for 39 weeks, with or without S96λn the last two weeks. Scale bars, 50 µm. n = 3 mice each. b–d, Analysis of TLR effect on human β cell proliferation: human islets were cultured with BrdU-containing medium with 2.8 (low) or 22.8 mM (high) glucose and treated with TLR2/TLR4 agonists in vitro. b, Representative microscopic images of primary human islets of Donor 1. Scale bars, 400 µm (upper) or 200 µm (lower). c, Flow cytometry plot showing percent of BrdU⁺Ins⁺ β cells in islets from Donor 1 cultured under low or high glucose with or without LPS and LTA. A total of ~ 5,000 live cells were analyzed for each sample. Quantitation of data from three batches of human islets is shown in d.