Fig. 7: Vaccine-associated recall of activated and S₇₅₁-specific cT_FH cells in convalescent individuals.

a, Representative staining and frequency of ICOS⁺CD38⁺ cT_FH cells following single-dose vaccination of convalescent participants (n = 12). Gray shading indicates days 4–11 after vaccination. b, Representative staining of CCR6 and CXCR3 on total cT_FH (CD4⁺CXCR5⁺) cells or ICOS⁺CD38⁺ cT_FH cells. Data are representative of ten individuals with samples available from days 5–11 after vaccination. c, S₇₅₁ tetramer binding within the ICOS⁺CD38⁺ cT_FH cell population in two individuals with low (<1%) or high (>10%) S₇₅₁-specific frequencies. d, Longitudinal S₇₅₁-specific cT_FH cell frequencies among n = 12 convalescent participants following vaccination. The limit of detection (0.003%) is indicated by the dashed line. e, Expression of ICOS and CD38 on TET₇₅₁⁺ cT_FH cells (blue) in a single individual over time. f, Proportion of S₇₅₁-specific cT_FH cells with an activated (ICOS⁺CD38⁺) phenotype over time (n = 10). g, Expression of PD-1 on S₇₅₁-specific cT_FH cells following vaccination (n = 10).

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