Fig. 5: BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine promotes distinct memory CD4⁺ T cell profiles in V_NLR, V_NHR and V_R cohorts.

a, Representative flow cytometry dot plots of CCR7 and CD27 on gated CD25⁺CD69⁺CD45RA^-CD4⁺ T cells in V_NLRs, V_NHRs and V_R subjects at month 6, after 24h incubation with medium (unstimulated) or S^WT. b–d, Flow cytometry analysis showing the percentage of CCR7⁺CD27⁺ CD45RA^- T_CM1 (b), CCR7⁻CD27⁺CD45RA^- T_EM1 (c) and CCR7⁻CD27⁻CD45RA^- T_EM2 (d) cells on gated CD25⁺CD69⁺CD4⁺ T cells collected at T0 and 6M, after 24h incubation with S^WT, S^D, S^O or S^B. Below: percentages of subjects with T_CM1 (b), T_EM1 (c) and T_EM2 (d) CD25⁺CD69⁺CDR45RA^- CD4⁺ T cell active responses >LOS. Data are represented with background subtraction from paired unstimulated controls. The dotted black lines represent the LOD and the dotted green lines the LOS. The same subjects were longitudinally analyzed: V_NLRs (n = 25), V_NHRs (n = 24) and V_R subjects (n = 12). The box plots indicate median, IQR and minimum/maximum. Each dot of box plots represents the average across three technical replicates of the same subject; the data are pooled from multiple experiments. Statistics were calculated using two-sided Wilcoxon’s signed-rank and two-sided Wilcoxon’s rank-sum test. ^*P < 0.05; ^**P < 0.01.