Extended Data Fig. 1: BCG delivered via multiple routes of vaccination conferred protection against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A PR8.

a, Representative immunohistochemisry images depicting staining of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (NP). Blue circles represent expression of SARS-CoV-2 NP in focal alveoli, alveolar macrophages, alveolar pneumocytes and rare bronchiolar epithelial cells. BCG IV: Intravenous BCG vaccinated. b, Left, weight loss of intranasal BCG vaccinated mice followed 3 days post-SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Right, SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerse (RdRp) viral load as fold-change over mock-infected, in the lungs and nasal turbinates. Statistical analysis was performed by two-tailed Mann-Whitney test. c, Survival plot and weight loss of mice following PR8 infection. Mice were vaccinated via various routes including intravenous (IV), intranasal (IN), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC). BCG IV and IN, data combined from 2 independent experiments, n = 11 (BCG IV), n = 12 (BCG IN); BCG IM, data combined from 3 independent experiments (n = 16 for naïve and n = 17 for BCG IM). BCG SC, data from one independent experiment (n = 5). Survival analysis was performed using log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. Statistical analysis for weight loss was performed by Two-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons test. **, P < 0.01.