Extended Data Fig. 8: IFNβ treatment reverses LPS-induced immunosuppression and promotes monocyte maturation.

a, Schematic representation of in vitro reversal experiments with IFNβ in LPS-immunosuppressed CD14⁺CD16⁻ classical monocytes (cMonos). b, Box plots of TNF (left panel) and IL-6 (right panel) production by cMonos obtained from healthy donors (n = 8) that were incubated in the presence or absence of 1 ng mL⁻¹ LPS for 24 h and restimulated after 6 d with 10 ng mL⁻¹ LPS in the presence or absence of various concentration of IFNβ (100, 250, 500 U mL⁻¹). The log2fold changes are over medium control (RPMI)-cultured cells that were stimulated with LPS on day 6. c, schematic representation of ex vivo BST2 flow cytometry experiments in immunosuppressed pan monocytes (containing all subsets) d, Representative example of flow cytometric analysis of monocyte subsets in Cmonos obtained at baseline and at d7 post-LPS that were ex vivo stimulated for 24 h with LPS (10 ng mL⁻¹) in the presence and absence of IFNβ (250 U mL⁻¹). e, Overlay of BST2 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) in Cmonos obtained at baseline and at d7 post-LPS that were ex vivo stimulated for 24 h with LPS (10 ng mL⁻¹) in the presence and absence of IFNβ (250 U mL⁻¹). f, Bar plot of BST2 MFI in cMonos (n = 3) obtained at baseline and at d7 after 24 h of ex vivo stimulation with LPS (10 ng mL⁻¹) in the presence and absence of IFNβ (250 U mL⁻¹). g, Representative flow cytometry profiles of monocyte subsets in pan monocytes obtained from healthy donors (n = 4) immediately after isolation and following 24 h of incubation with or without IFNβ (250 U mL⁻¹) in the presence and absence of IFNAR antibody (IFNAR Ab, 10 μg mL⁻¹). h, Overlay of BST2 MFI on cMonos and CD14⁺CD16⁺ intermediate monocytes (iMonos) following 24 h of incubation with or without IFNβ (250 U mL⁻¹) in the presence and absence of IFNAR Ab (10 μg mL⁻¹). i, Bar plot of BST2 MFI on cMonos and iMonos following 24 h of incubation with or without IFNβ (250 U mL⁻¹) in the presence and absence of IFNAR Ab (10 μg mL⁻¹). Box plots in b show median, first and third quartiles; whiskers show 1.5x the interquartile range. Bar plots in f, i presented as mean values +/− SEM. The P values were calculated using paired two-sided t-tests.