Fig. 6: C19S transformation occurs in human islets during stress and inflammation.
a, Schematic of the GAP assay using human islets as a source of β cell granules. b, Bar graphs (mean ± s.e.m.) showing the responses of the S5 and 9B9 T cells to crinosomes and DCGs isolated from human islets following indicated treatments (n = 4). c, Schematic (left) and dot plots (right) showing C19S insulin peptides in crinosome peptidomes of human islets from two different donors exposed to indicated cytokines. d, Heatmap showing the appearance of the InsB9-23(C19S) peptide in the crinosome peptidomes of two human donors under different cytokine conditions. In b, n is the number of islet samples from different human donors; each dot is one donor. For statistical analysis, RM one-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons test was performed for b. The data represent two (c, d) and four (b) independent experiments. Illustrations in a and c were partly created with BioRender.com.
