Fig. 2: Cell cycle arrest induces transcriptional remodeling of CD8⁺ T cell metabolism.

Transcriptomic analysis of unstimulated mouse CD8⁺ T cells, or ex vivo-stimulated mouse CD8⁺ T cells that were left untreated (non-arrested), arrested in the cell cycle using HU or released from HU-induced arrest (released; n = 4). a, Three-dimensional principal component analysis plot. b, IPA of differentially expressed genes (FDR < 0.05) comparing arrested to released cells. The top five significantly enriched pathways with the most positive and negative z-scores are shown. Statistical analysis was performed using two-sided unpaired t-test with Benjamini–Hochberg correction. c, Normalized enrichment scores (NES) of eight selected mouse hallmark gene sets (from MSigDB; FDR < 0.05) based on GSEA. d, GSEA enrichment plots after GSEA analysis of the same hallmark gene sets. Genes are ranked on the x axis by log₂(fold change) in expression between released and non-arrested cells. Vertical bars represent individual genes within each gene set; the enrichment score is plotted on the y axis. e, Heat maps of differentially expressed genes associated with glycolysis (left) and the PI3K–AKT–mTOR-pathway (continued in Extended Data Fig. 3d). Each row represents an individual sample.