Fig. 2: Neural recording in headset VR.

a, The experimental setup for MouseGoggles Mono visual stimulation with two-photon imaging of mouse V1 layer 2/3 neurons expressing GCaMP6s. b, Light contamination measurements from five repetitions of a maximum-brightness blue flicker stimulus into blue (468–488 nm) and green (488–550 nm) imaging channels, using either a flat LED monitor or the monocular display eyepiece. Raw intensity values were normalized to the maximum intensity from the monitor. c, Direction- and orientation-selective fluorescence change (ΔF) responses from 6 example neurons from 12 directions of drifting grating stimuli (mean ± s.d. of 6 repetitions). d, RF maps for two example cells. Left: inferred spike rate heatmap based on stimulus location. Right: 2D Gaussian fit to the heatmap, with the average half width at half maximum (hwhm) shown. e, A histogram of calculated RF size for all cells well fit by a 2D Gaussian (n = 341 cells). f, The SF tuning of normalized activity for all cells well fit by a log-Gaussian function (n = 124 cells). g, A histogram of preferred SF. h, The contrast frequency tuning of normalized activity for all cells well fit by a Naka–Rushton function (n = 202). i, A histogram of semisaturation contrast. j, The experimental setup for hippocampal electrophysiological recordings during simulated walking on a spherical treadmill with MouseGoggles Duo. k, Rendered view (top) and side view (middle) of the virtual linear track, with headset views at three different positions (bottom). l, An example place cell across the entire virtual linear track session, showing the raster plot of neural activity (top) and tuning curve (bottom; FR, firing rate). m, A position-ordered heatmap of all detected place cells (n = 54 cells), showing binned firing rate (FR, z-scored) over position. n, Place cell characteristics over all recorded sessions: fraction of cells with place selectivity (n = 9 sessions, top), place field width (n = 39 cells within 10–80 virtual cm, middle) and information rate (n = 54 cells, bottom). The box plot displays median and 25th and 75th quartiles, with the whiskers representing the most extreme nonoutliers.