Extended Data Fig. 9: Hidden layer tuning of the biophysical network classifying MNIST.

Left: Before training, the two shown cells were untuned, but they developed tuning to specific digits (ON-tuning for digit ‘1’ for ID 13 and OFF-tuning for digit ‘0’ for ID 36) after training. Right: Hidden layer tuning of all neurons after training. We evaluated the fraction of images in the dataset for which each hidden neuron spiked.