Extended Data Fig. 10: dSPNs VLS stimulation engage cortical and collicular BG loops.

a, Schematic showing protocol for recording activity in tjM1 and lSC while stimulating VLS dSPNs. Mice were implanted with a single tapered fiber targeting VLS, and injected with AAV-DIO-CoChR in VLS, similar to experiment described in Fig. 6a (see methods). Extracellular recording with a silicon probe was done in tjM1 and lSC, on the same side (right hemisphere) as the stimulation side in striatum (n = 2 mice). b, Mean firing rate during the inter-trial-interval where mice were required to withhold licking, and during which VLS dSPNs stimulation caused contralateral licking (Fig. 6). Mean firing rate of both tjM1 (left) and lSC (right) increased during stimulation (blue, 100 ms stim) relative to no stimulation trial (grey). Shaded light blue represents laser on period (100ms) (n = 102 units in tjM1, n = 65 units in lSC) (mean ± s.e.m across neurons). c, Fraction of cells that were significantly modulated by dSPNs stimulation in VLS in tjM1 (top) and SC (bottom). Cells are categorized into either excited (blue), inhibited (red) or no sigficant change (grey). The majority of cells recorded (53% in tjM1, 68% in lSC) were excited by the stimulation (0-500 ms window relative to laser onset, p<0.05, Mann–Whitney U test, see Methods). d, Mean firing rate, during tone presentation, of cells that were significantly modulated during ITI stimulation. Firing rate for tjM1 (left) and lSC (right) in left trials and right trials. Firing rate during no stim (grey) and during stim trials (blue). Shaded light blue represents laser on period (100ms) (n=102 units in tjM1, n=65 units in lSC) (mean ± s.e.m across neurons).