Extended Data Fig. 1: Post-surgery performance for implanted rats.
Asymmetries between Pro and Anti response time (RT), accuracy, and task switch cost in implanted rats. a, Normalized RT distributions of an example rat. Histograms of correct Pro (n = 3894 trials) and correct Anti (n = 3323) RTs are shown on top and error Pro (n = 1239 trials) and error Anti (n = 1161 trials) RTs are shown in the bottom. Each curve is normalized to have a total area of 1. Median RTs for Pro and Anti hits and errors are indicated by vertical bars; 95% confidence intervals across trials for each trial type are indicated by horizontal bars. b, RT summary of 16 individual rats (7 for SC and PFC neural recordings and 9 for optogenetic inactivation experiments). Left: median RTs for Anti hits and Pro hits for all rats (n = 16). ***P = 4 × 10−4, two-sided bootstrap test. Right: RT difference between Pro and Anti, hits and errors, averaged across all rats (n = 16). For each rat, the difference between median RTs of paired conditions was calculated. White bar shows the mean and s.e.m. across rats for Anti hit RTs minus Pro hit RTs, P = 4 × 10−4, two-sided bootstrap test. Green bar shows Pro hit RTs minus Pro error RTs, P = 4 × 10−4, two-sided bootstrap test. Orange bar shows Anti hit RTs minus Anti error RTs, P = 4 × 10−4, two-sided bootstrap test. c, Pro and Anti performance for individual rats (n = 16). Mean and s.e.m. of Pro and Anti performance are computed over sessions for each rat and plotted against each other. Average Pro (green) and Anti (orange) performance across rats was plotted in the upper left corner (n = 16). Pro versus Anti, P = 0.003, two-sided bootstrap test. d, Switch cost asymmetry. Left: percent correct as a function of trial number relative to a task block switch for one example rat. Each data point is the mean and s.e.m. across trials for Pro and Anti accuracy on three trials before and after the switch. Right: average accuracy switch cost for Pro trials (P = 4 × 10−4) and Anti trials (P = 4 × 10−4) across rats (n = 16). The cost of switching to Pro was larger than the cost of switching to Anti (P = 0.002), two-sided bootstrap tests.
