Fig. 2: Visualization of univariate (two-sided) cross-participant association tests between 18 QSM IDPs and the 17,485 phenotypes in UK Biobank using n = 35,273 participants.

The significance threshold was adjusted to account for multiple comparisons, and unadjusted –log10 (P) values are reported. Each circle represents a single IDP–phenotype association. The dashed horizontal line indicates the –log10 (P) Bonferroni-corrected threshold of 7.10. All associations above this line are considered significant. Dashed vertical lines are used to distinguish between different phenotype categories. a, Manhattan plots showing associations between 16 subcortical QSM IDPs and phenotypes in 17 categories. b, Manhattan plot showing associations between the QSM WMH IDPs and all phenotypes (separated into nine major categories). Shown behind (gray) are the associations without regressing out WMH volume.